Author: آمنه غلامی 
Bufonia kotschyana Boiss.
Parvin Salehi Shanjani, Sara Nikkhah, Mohammad Mahmoodi and Ali Bagheri
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at January 2026
Scientific editor: Masoumeh Izadpanah
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds), dry to 15-20% eRH, and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species are not dormant. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds for two weeks at 4 ºC to germinate uniformly. Then germinate under an alternating temperature regime of 15/20 ºC (the higher temperature for 16 hours in light and the lower one for eight hours in dark).
Morphology
Fruit type: Capsule, dehiscent
Fruit shape: Circular – elliptical
Fruit size: Length 4 mm, diameter 3 mm
Seed shape: Elliptical to circular, compressed, thick-margined, hilum circular, concave. Surface with small tubercles in concentric rows, dull, color brown-olive
Seed size: Length 3 mm, width 1.5 mm in an accession from Chorzagh, Zanjan, with 1000 seeds weight 2.2 g, which was collected and identified in 2017 by Mohammad Mahmoodi and Ali Bagheri, and is stored in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran with the accession number 46601.
Biological features
Life form: Herbaceous, perennial, pubescent. Stems numerous, erect, slender, 10 to 30 cm long
Inflorescence, flower type, and pollination mechanism: Inflorescence cymose, loose, single flower or multiple flowers; flower perfect, tiny, calyx polysepalous, with 4 sepals, corolla with 4 petals, white. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinated. Pollination is carried out by insects and wind.
Time of flowering: Summer
Time of seed ripening: Summer
Seed dispersal methods: Seed weight
Geographical distribution: Iran and Syria. Typus from Iran, Darband, Tehran
Distribution in Iran: Center, North, northwest and West. Mostly in provinces Mazandaran, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Alborz, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Arak, Fars, Bakhtiari and Tehran
Taxonomy
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Genus: Bufonia
Species: B. kotschyana
Persian name: Char char-e denaee
References and Links
Asadi, M., Fadaei, F., Tawakli, Z., Heydari Rikan, M., Mostafavi, G., Mahdavi, M., Poursakhi, K. and Nejad Flatori, A. 2023. Flora of Iran. Charyophyllaceae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, Tehran, Iran, Publication, No. 168, 987 pp.
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, 1-419 P.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1046 P.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 671 P.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 2012. A Pictorial dictionary of botany. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 1088 P.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 P.
