Author: آمنه غلامی 
Feraul persaica var. persica Willd.
Parvin Salehi Shanjani, Mohammad Reza Pahlavani and Amir Maddah
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at october 2025
Scientific editor: Masoumeh Izadpanah
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds), dry to 15-20% eRH, and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species are dormant. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds for two weeks to two months at 4 ºC to germinate uniformly. Then germinate under an alternating temperatures of 20 ºC (16 hours of light) and 15 ºC (8 hours of darkness).
Morphology
Fruit type: Schizocarp (schizocarp is an indehiscent dry fruit that consists of two not compressed or compressed lateraly/dorsally carpels called mericarp)
Fruit shape: Mericarps ellipsoid, homomorphic, compressed dorsally, dorsal side flat, with five ribs, side ribs winged, ventral side flat, with a central rib, with distinct sap canals on both side, apex with a depressed stylopodium. Surface glabrous, dull, brown, ribs and wings cream-colored
Fruit size: Length 11.24 to 13.78 mm, width 4.62 to 7.57 mm in a seed sample from Mehdishahr, Semnan, with a thousand-seed weight of 2.20 g, which was collected and identified by Amir Maddah in 2017 and is stored in the Natural Resources Gene Bank with accession number 47264.
1000 seed/fruit weight: 9.5 to 34 g
Biological features
Life form: Perennial, herbaceous, monocarpic, pubescent. Stem erect, 100 to 150 cm long, thick, grooved
Inflorescence, flower type, and pollination mechanism: Inflorescence compound umbel clustered in a loose panicle; fruiting umbellule with 18 to 25 pedicls, 3 to 3.5 cm long, flowers yellow. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinated. Pollination is carried out by insects and wind.
Time of flowering: Spring and summer
Time of seed ripening: Spring and summer
Seed dispersal methods: Wind and animals
Geographical distribution: Endemic to Iran. Typus from Gilan Montains
Distribution in Iran: North and center. Mostly in Mazandaran, Tehran, Alborz and Semnan provinces
Taxonomy
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Ferula
Species: F. persica
Subspecies: var. persica
Persian name: koma-e irani
References and Links
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, 419 pp.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 671 pp.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 2012. A Pictorial dictionary of botany. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 1088 pp.
Mozaffarian V. 2008. Flora of Iran, Umbelliferae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, Tehran, Iran, Publication No. 54, 592 pp.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 pp.
