Author: navidcod 
Tripleurospermum sevanense (Manden.) Pobed
Mohammad Ali Alizadeh, Parvin Salehi Shanjani, Leila Falah Hoseini and Mohammad Reza Pahlevani
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at August 2021
Scientific editors: Valiollah Mozaffarian and Masoumeh Izadpanah
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds); dry to 15-20% eRH and store at -20 °C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species have non-deep dormancy. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds 14 days in 4ºC for breaking dormancy. Then germinate under an alternating temperature regime of 15/20 ºC (the higher temperature for 16 hours in light and the lowest one for eight hours in dark).
Morphology
Fruit type: Achene
Fruit shape: Trigonous, rectangular or obpyramidal, apex truncate, with semimembranosus corona and two distinct glands, dorsal side with 3 protruded ribs, ventral side with 2 ribs. Surface indistinctly reticulate, glabrous, slightly lustrous, and brown.
Fruit size: Length: 2 to 2.5 mm, width: o.5 to 1 mm in an accession from Shiraz Fars with 1000 seed weight 0.6 g, which was collected in 2002 by Roshandel, and the cultivated sample was identified by S. Reza Safevi and Vlieollah Mozaffarian with accession number 17925.
1000 seed weight: 0.3 g
Biological features
Life Form: Herbaceous, biannual, and seldom Perennial
Inflorescences, flower type, and pollination mechanisms: Inflorescences capitate-corymbose, with a spherical or oval receptacle, peduncle long. Ray flowers female, ligule white; disc flowers hermaphrodite, tubular, five-toothed, with glands in apex. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinate, in failure of cross-pollination, self-pollination may take place. Pollination is carried out by insects and wind.
Time of flowering: Summer
Time of seed ripening: Summer
Seed dispersal methods: The agent of seed distribution is seed weight
Geographical distribution: Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, and Armenia. Typus from Armenia.
Geographical distribution in Iran: North West. Azerbaijan
Taxonomy
Family: Compositae
Genus: Tripleurospermum
Species: sevanense
Persian name: Babuneh kazeb
References
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, Pp 1-419.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Puplication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V. 2012. A Pictorial Dictionary of Botany. Farhange Moaser publisher, 1088 pp.
Mozaffarian, V. 2008. Flora of Iran, Asteraceae (Compositae): Tribes Anthemideae and Echinopeae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, First edition, 59: 21-22.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian Plants Names. Moaser Publisher, Tehran Farhang, 671 pp.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 pp.
