Author: آمنه غلامی 
Vicia ervilia Willd.
Hamideh Javadi, Leila Falah Hoseini, Masoumeh Ramezani Yeganeh and Nastaran Jalilian
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at September 2022
Scientific editor: Masoumeh Izadpanah and Parvin Salehi Shanjani
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds), dry to 15-20% eRH, and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species are not dormant. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds for two weeks at 4 ºC to germinate uniformly. Then germinate under an alternating temperature regime of 15/20 ºC (the higher temperature for 16 hours in light and the lower one for eight hours in dark).
Morphology
Fruit type: Pod
Fruit shape: Seeds appressed together, sharp at the tip, covered with short and soft hairs, 2-4 seeds
Fruit size: Length 14 to 22 mm; width 3 to 5 mm
Seed shape: Triangle, oblique ovoid, ventral side flat to concave, transverse section broadly ovate, side faces slanted towards the dorsal margin, crème to brown, with light brown spots
Seed size: length 3.44 to 3.96 mm, width 3.64 to 3.84 mm in an accession from Arak, Markazi, with 1000 seeds weight 34.1 g, which was collected by Abdi and the cultivated sample was identified by Nastaran Jalilian with an accession number of 14965
Average 1000 seed weight: 25 to 51.4 g
Biological features
Life form: Annual herb, glabrous, stem erect, 10-27 cm high
Inflorescence, flower type, and pollination mechanism: Inflorescence single and axial, 1-2-flowerd. Flowers 6-8 mm long. Calyx campanulate and curved at the base, covered with soft, short and scattered hairs. Flowers hermaphrodite and self-pollinating. Pollination is carried out by insects (entomophily).
Time of flowering: May to June
Time of seed ripening: May to June
Seed dispersal methods: Wind and domestic animals
Geographical distribution: Southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and North Africa. Typus from Europe (France)
Distribution in Iran: North, West, East, Center, and South. Mostly in Mazandaran, Kurdistan, Hamadan, Esfahan, Kohkiluyeh ve Buyerahmad, Bakhtiyari, Fars, Khuzestan, Khorasan, and Tehran provinces
Taxonomy
Family: Papilionaceae
Genus: Vicia
Species: V. ervilia
Common name: Bitter vetch
Persian name: Mashak-e-Gavdaneh
References and Links
Chrtková-Žertová, A., Maesen, L.J.G. Van. Der. and Rechinger, K.H. 1979. Papilonaceae I – Vicieae. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.), Flora Iranica, 140. Graz.
Ghahraman, A. 2017. Flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications. 27, 3372.
Javadi, H. 2021. Seed: Processing and Quality tests. Agricultural Education & Extension Publishers, 175 pp.
Mozaffarian, V. 2006. A Dictionary of Iranian plant names. Latin-English-Persian. Farhang Moaser Publishers, 671 pp
Mozaffarian, V. 2010. A pictorial dictionary of Botany (Botanical Taxonomy). Latin-English-French-German-Persian. Farhang Moaser Publishers, 1064 pp.
Pakravan, M., Jalilian, N. and Nemati, M. 2000. Flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications. No.33: Papilionaceae (Vicieae).p.67.
Vít Bojnanský and Agáta Fargašová, 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European flora. Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 321 p.
