Author: آمنه غلامی 
Cousinia disfulensis Bornm.
Parvin Salehi Shanjani, Bahare Afsharnezhad, Mashallah Mohammadpour, Mostafa Nemati Peikani and Nastaran Jalalian
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at July 2024
Scientific editor: Mohammad Dadmand
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds), dry to 15-20% eRH, and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species have non-deep dormancy. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds for two weeks at 4 ºC to germinate uniformly. Then germinate under an alternating temperature regime of 15/20 ºC (the higher temperature for 16 hours in light and the lower one for eight hours in dark).
Morphology
Fruit type: Achene
Fruit shape: Subcylindric, hilum lateral, black, apex truncate, pappus persistent, short, whitish. Surface covered with densely appressed hairy, lusterus, whitish.
Fruit size: Length 4.71 to 6.76 mm, width 1.13 to 1.48 mm in an accession from Ilam with 1000 seed/fruit weight 4.4 g, which was collected and identified in 2017 by Mashallah Mohammadpour and Mostafa Nemati Peikani and Nastaran Jalalian, and is stored in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran with the accession number 46707.
Average 1000 seed/fruit weight: 4.4 g
Biological features
Life form: Herbaceous, perennial, spiny. Stems erect, up to 60 cm in height
Inflorescence, flower type, and pollination mechanism: Inflorescences solitary capitate, capitulum discoid, with 40-150 florets, 20-25 mm in long, purple to violet, involucral bracts multiseriate. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinated. Pollination is carried out by insects and wind.
Time of flowering: Late spring to mid-summer
Time of seed ripening: Summer
Seed dispersal methods: Seed weight and animals
Geographical distribution: Endemic to Iran. Typus from Shahbazan, West of Iran, Epitype from Ilam and Iran
Distribution in Iran: West. Mostly in provinces Kermanshah, Ilam and Khuzestan
Taxonomy
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Cousinia
Species: C. disfulensis
Persian name: Hezarkhar-e dezfuli
References and Links
Assadi, M., Mehregan, I. 2017. Flora of Iran, No. 125: Asteraceae, Cousinia. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, Tehran, Iran, 396 pp.
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, 1-419 pp.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 671 pp.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 2012. A Pictorial dictionary of botany. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 1088 pp.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 pp.
