Author: آمنه غلامی 
Centaurea lachnopus Rech.
Parvin Salehi Shanjani, Leila Rasoulzadeh, Amir Madah and Amene Gholami
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at October 2025
Scientific editor: Masoumeh Izadpanah
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds), dry to 15-20% eRH, and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species are not dormant. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds for two weeks at 4 ºC to germinate uniformly. Then germinate under an alternating temperature regime of 15/20 ºC (the higher temperature for 16 hours in light and the lower one for eight hours in dark).
Morphology
Fruit type: Achene
Fruit shape: Sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed laterally, apex truncate, pappus cream-colored, brown at base, longer than the achene, outer bristles shorter, hilum vide, sub-lateral. Surface glabrous, lustrous, mostly brown-colored, with cream-colored longitudinal faint striate, cream-colored at base
Fruit size: Length 8.07 to 8.75 mm, width 1.81 to 3.40 mm in an accession from Sorekh, Semnan, with 1000 seed/fruit weight 44 g, which was collected and identified in 2018 by Amir Madah, and is stored in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran with the accession number 47260.
1000 seed/fruit weight: 44 to 46 g
Biological features
Life form: Subshrub, perennial, pubescent, with rhizome. Stem erect, 35 to 70 cm long
Inflorescence, flower type, and pollination mechanism: Inflorescences solitary capitate, capitulum discoid; florets sulfur yellow, lateral florets sterile; involucre semiglobose, involucral bracts multiseriate, involucral bracts arrangement free. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinated. Pollination is carried out by insects.
Time of flowering: Late spring
Time of fruit/seed ripening: Late spring
Fruit/seed dispersal methods: The agent of seed distribution is seed weight and animals.
Geographical distribution: Endemic to Iran. Typus from near Sorekh Semnan
Distribution in Iran: Center. Mostly in provinces Semnan and Tehran
Taxonomy
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Centaurea
Species: C. lachnopus
Persian name: Golegandom–e papanbeh
References and Links
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, 1-419 pp.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 671 pp.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 2012. A Pictorial dictionary of botany. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 1088 pp.
Mozaffarian, V., Ghahremaninejad, F., Narimisa, S., Kazempour-Osaloo, Sh., Jafari, E., Lotfi, E. Assadi, M. 2018. Flora of Iran, Asteraceae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, Tehran, Iran, Publication No. 144, 1023 pp.
Ranjbar, M. and Negaresh, K. 2014. The genus Centaurea (Asteraceae, cardueae) in Iran: Two new species and a lectotypification. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 71: 51-56.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 pp.
