Author: navidcod 
Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss.
Mohammad Ali Alizadeh, Parvin Salehi Shanjani and Leila Falah Hoseini
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at August 2021
Scientific editors: Valiollah Mozaffarian and Masoumeh Izadpanah
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds); dry to 15-20% eRH and store at -20 °C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species have non-deep dormancy. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds 14 days in 4ºC for breaking dormancy. Then germinate under an alternating temperature regime of 15/20 ºC (the higher temperature for 16 hours in light and the lower one for eight hours in dark).
Morphology
Fruit type: Achene
Fruit shape: Obpyramidal or slightly obconic, longitudinally furrowed, apex truncate, crenate, narrowed toward the base. Surface glabrous, slightly lustrous, yellowish-brown.
Fruit size: Length: 2- 2.5 mm, width: 1 mm in an accession from Yazd Shahediaeh with 1000 seed weight 0.4 g, which was collected in 2006 by Arabzadeh, and the cultivated sample was identified by S. Reza Safavi and Vlieollah Mozaffarian with accession number 21071.
1000 seed weight: 0.3 to 0.5 g
Biological features
Life Form: Herbaceous, annual
Inflorescences and flower type and pollination mechanisms: Inflorescences capitate, with conical to hemispherical receptacle. Ray flowers female, fertile, ligulate, ligule white, 12 to 8 mm long, 2.5 to 5.5 mm width; disc flowers hermaphrodite, tubular, 2.5 to 3.5 mm long. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinate, in the failure of cross-pollination, self-pollination may take place. Pollination is carried out by insects and wind.
Time of flowering: Jun
Time of seed ripening: July
Seed dispersal: The agent of seed distribution is seed weight.
Geographical distribution: Europe, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and North Africa. Typus from Europe.
Distribution in Iran: North West, West, and South West. Provinces Azerbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Illam, Kohgiluyeh Boyer-Ahmad, Fars, Khuzestan, and Bushehr.
Taxonomy
Family: Compositae
Genus: Anthemis
Species: pseudocotula
Persian name: Babunehe shirazi
References
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, Pp 1-419.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with the university of Tehran publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V. 2012. A Pictorial Dictionary of Botany. Farhang Moaser publisher, 1088 pp.
Mozaffarian, V. 2008. Flora of Iran, Asteraceae (Compositae): Tribes Anthemideae and Echinopeae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, First edition, 59: 21-22.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian Plants Names. Moaser Publisher, Tehran Farhang, 671 pp.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 pp
