Author: آمنه غلامی 
Silene conoidea L.
Mohammad Dadmand and Mostafa Assadi
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at September 2024
Scientific editor: Masoumeh Izadpanah and Parvin Salehi Shanjani
Seed Storage
Storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds); dry to 15 to 20% eRH and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species are non-dormant. Sterilize seeds before placing on wet germination paper or sand. Put them in 5 to 10 °C for 15 days to germinate uniformly. Then germinate at 20°C under 16/8 hr (day/night) photoperiod.
Morphology
Fruit type: Capsule, dehiscent by 6 triangular toothed opening
Fruit shape: Ovoid, tightly enclosed in calyx.
Fruit size: Width 5 to 8 mm and Length 15 to 18 mm
Seed shape: Reniform to circular, laterally slightly compressed. Surface covered with shallow papillae, dull, brown to dark smoky-greyish.
Seed size: Length 1.4. to 1.7 mm, width 1.1 to 1.3 mm in an accession with 1000 seeds weight 1.7 g, which was collected from Khoram Abad by Rasoul Darvishian and Janali Rashno in 2010 and the cultivated sample was identified by Mostafa Asadi and is stored in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran with the accession number 44867.
Average 1000 seeds weight: 1 to 2.5 g
Biological features
Life Form: Herbaceous, annual. Stem erect, up to 60 cm height
Inflorescence, flower type and pollination mechanism: Inflorescence cyme, flowers Purple. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinated. Pollination is carried out by both wind (anemophily) and insect (entomophily).
Time of flowering: March to May
Time of seed ripening: April to May
Seed dispersal methods: Seed weight
Geographical distribution: Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Typus from Spain
Distribution in Iran: North, North West, North East, West, East and Center. Mostly in provinces Mazandaran, Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Kurdestan, Kermanshah, Hamadan, Fars, Isfahan, Markazi, Yazd, Sistan and Baluchestan and Khorasan
Taxonomy
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Genus: Silene
Species: S. conoidea
Common name: Cone Catchfly
References and Links
Asadi, M., Fadaei, F., Tawakli, Z., Heydari Rikan, M., Mostafavi, G., Mahdavi, M., Poursakhi, K. and Nejad Flatori, A. 2023. Flora of Iran. Charyophyllaceae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, Tehran, Iran, Publication, No. 168, 987 pp.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V. 2012. A Pictorial Dictionary of Botany. Farhange Moaser publisher, 1088 pp.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian Plants Names. Moaser Publisher, Tehran Farhang, 671 pp.
Rechinger, K.H. 1970. Flora Iranica. A kadem ische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. No. 136, 528 pp.
