Author: آمنه غلامی 
Diplotaenia damavandica Mozaffarian, Hedge & Lamond.
Parvin Salehi Shanjani, Mohammad Reza Pahlavani and Vali-allah Mozafarian
Natural Resources Gene Bank, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran.
Uploaded at July 2024
Scientific editor: Mohammad Dadmand
Seed Storage
The storage behavior of this species is orthodox (desiccation-tolerant seeds), dry to 15-20% eRH, and store at -20°C.
Germination requirements
The seeds of this species are dormant. Sterilize seeds before placing them on wet germination paper. Place seeds for two weeks to two month at 4 ºC to germinate uniformly. Then germinate under an alternating temperatures of 20 ºC (16 hours of light) and 15 ºC (8 hours of darkness).
Morphology
Fruit type: Schizocarp (schizocarp is an indehiscent dry fruit that consists of two not compressed or compressed lattraly/dorsally carpels called mericarp)
Fruit shape: Mericarps subellipsoid, homomorphic, not compressed, dorsal side convex with ten low and ribs (five primary, five secondary), ventral side flat to partially concave, with visible vittae, base truncate, apex with stylopodium and a remnant of the style. Surface valleculae, glabrous, dull, creamy, furrows brown
Fruit size: Length 8 to 10 mm, width 3 to 5 mm in a seed sample from Damavand, Tehran, with a 1000 seed/fruit weight of 18 g, which was collected and identified in 2015 by Vali-allah Mozafarian, and stored in in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran with the accession number 45930.
1000 seed/fruit weight: 18 g
Biological features
Life form: Perennial, herbaceous, glabrous. Stems numerus, erect, farctate, up to 120 cm high
Inflorescence, flower type, and pollination mechanism: Inflorescence compound umbel, terminal umbel without peduncle, lateral umbels pedunculated, umbels with 2 to 7 rays, 5 to 20 mm long, umbellule with 6 to 10 pedicles, 2 to 8 mm long, flowers white. Plant monoecious, cross-pollinated. Pollination is carried out by insects and wind.
Time of flowering: Late spring to mid-summer
Time of seed ripening: Late summer to mid-summer
Seed dispersal methods: Seed weight
Geographical distribution: Endemic to Iran. Typus from Damavand
Distribution in Iran: Center and North. Mostly in province Tehran
Taxonomy
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Diplotaenia
Species: D. damavandica
Persian name: Kozal
References and Links
Black, M. and Bewley, J.D. 2000. Seed technology and its biological basis. Sheffield Academic Press, 419 pp.
Bojňanský, V. and Fargašová, A. 2007. Atlas of seeds and fruits of central and East-European flora: the Carpathian Mountains region. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1046 pp.
Ghahraman, A. Flore of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands with University of Tehran Publication. https://floraofiran.net/index.php.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 1998. Dictionary of Iranian plants names. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 671 pp.
Mozaffarian, V.A. 2012. A Pictorial dictionary of botany. Farhange Moaser Publisher, Tehran, 1088 pp.
Mozaffarian V. 2008. Flora of Iran, Umbelliferae. Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press, Tehran, Iran, Publication No. 54, 592 pp.
Sharma, O.P. 2009. Plant taxonomy 2E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi, 563 pp.
